Here simple images were used to represent data in a structured way. Gerd Arntz, Peter Alma and Augustin Tschinkel, all participants in this movement were recruited by Otto Neurath for the Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsmuseum, where they developed the Vienna Method from 1926 to 1934. The Cologne Progressives developed an aesthetic approach to art that focused on communicating information. In addition to curating 500 photographs of the lives of Black Americans, Du Bois and his Atlanta University team of students and scholars created 60 handmade data visualizations to document the ways Black Americans were being denied access to education, housing, employment, and household wealth. Du Bois presented data visualizations at the Exposition Universelle (1900) in Paris, France. In 1900, the African-American historian, sociologist, writer, and Black rights activist, W.E.B. Ĭircle graph shows percentage of African Americans and whites in various occupations. Other examples can be seen in the works of geographers Ritter and Alexander von Humboldt. Such a map can be considered a "supersign" which combines sign systems-as defined by Charles Sanders Peirce-consisting of symbols, icons, indexes as representations. His maps included shared frames, agreed map legends, scales, repeatability, and fidelity. Īround 1820, modern geography was established by Carl Ritter. In his work, Statistical Breviary, he is credited with introducing the first pie chart. To represent the economy of 18th Century England, Playfair used statistical graphs, bar charts, line graphs, area charts, and histograms. In 1786, William Playfair, an engineer and political economist, published the first data graphs in his book The Commercial and Political Atlas. Infographics appeared in the form of illustrations demonstrating the Sun's rotation patterns. In 1626, Christoph Scheiner published the Rosa Ursina sive Sol, a book that revealed his research about the rotation of the sun. See also: Information visualization § History Early history While contemporary infographics often deal with "qualitative" or soft subjects, generally speaking, Tufte's 1983 definition still speaks, in a broad sense, to what infographics are, and what they do-which is to condense large amounts of information into a form where it will be more easily absorbed by the reader. Indeed graphics can be more precise and revealing than conventional statistical computations. be closely integrated with the statistical and verbal descriptions of a data set.serve a reasonably clear purpose: description, exploration, tabulation, or decoration.reveal the data at several levels of detail, from a broad overview to the fine structure.encourage the eye to compare different pieces of data.avoid distorting what the data has to say.induce the viewer to think about the substance rather than about methodology, graphic design, the technology of graphic production, or something else.In his 1983 "landmark book" The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, Edward Tufte defines "graphical displays" in the following passage: Public places such as transit terminals usually have some sort of integrated "signage system" with standardized icons and stylized maps. Public transportation maps, such as those for the Washington Metro and the London Underground map, are well-known infographics. Modern maps, especially route maps for transit systems, use infographic techniques to integrate a variety of information, such as the conceptual layout of the transit network, transfer points, and local landmarks. The Snapshots in USA Today are also an example of simple infographics used to convey news and current events. Some books are almost entirely made up of information graphics, such as David Macaulay's The Way Things Work. In newspapers, infographics are commonly used to show the weather, as well as maps, site plans, and graphs for summaries of data. Infographics are widely used in the age of short attention span. Social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter have also allowed for individual infographics to be spread among many people around the world.
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Infographics have been around for many years and recently the increase of the number of easy-to-use, free tools have made the creation of infographics available to a large segment of the population.
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A Washington Metro subway map Part of a series on Statistics
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